The, Virtue, By Socrates And Meno - 1009 Words

In this paper, I try to discuss the sixth chapter in the book which focuses on the definition of virtue. This passage mainly goes through dialogues between Socrates and Meno, who debated with each other in order to make a certain definition of virtue. In the passage, Socrates gave his opinion of virtue and tried to make Meno understand his ideas, while Meno held his opinion. In fact, virtue is rather difficult to be defined. Even though both Socrates and Meno had contemplated what virtue, it is still hard to give a definition of it. Also, trying to make a certain definition of virtue is also the broad aim of the whole book---Plato’s Meno. This book was written by Plato, which is filled with Socrates’ dialogues. It aims to make sure the essence of virtue. From this portion in the book, I can see that the aim of this passage could make a difference in helping reach the entire aim of the book. In this paper, I prepared to explain the content of the passage as well as some important concepts. What’s more, I aim to mark out the difficult and important ideas, thoughts I have gained in the process of reading. At the same time, I will also cite my personal experiences in order to support the ideas in the passage. At first, I will talk about the contents of this passage. This passage is concerning what virtue is. The argument is whether virtue could be learned by or gift by God. Socrates believed that virtue was gift by God and it was hard to cite a universal definition of virtue.Show MoreRelatedDiscussion of Virtue in Meno by Socrates664 Words   |  3 PagesPlato reveals the views of Socrates on the query of whether virtue is knowledge and whether virtue may be taught in a number of dialogues, mainly in Meno. In the dialogue, Socrates creates several differing arguments on virtue, which include the definition of virtue and questions on whether persons can attain it. In addition, Plato demonstrates the means by which virtue can be obtained, as well as ponders on whether persons are born virtuous, whether virtue may be taught or it is an added factorRead MoreDefining Virtue in Socrates Meno Written by Plato1050 Words   |  4 Pages Meno’s definition of virtue that appeals most to me is explained by him wherein courage, temperance, and wisdom are virtues. First these are virtues because virtues are qualities that define good and bad behavior. Courage is a good quality because it takes courage to deal with different situations and ordeals encountered on a daily basis. Courage is needed also to stand for what is morally correct in spite of being mistreated or ostracized due to the opposing opinions from people. For exampleRead MoreEssay about Meno and the Socratic Method1413 Words   |  6 PagesMeno was one of Plato’s earliest of dialogues, written in depth the book is founded around a central question: If virtue can be taught, then how? And if not, then how does virtue come to man, either by nature or some other way? Socrates addresses this inquiry by questioning a person who claims to understand the term’s meaning (Platos Meno). The purpose of this essay is to relate the Socratic method performed by Socrates in Plato’s dialogue The Apolo gy, to Meno, by illustrating its effect on theRead MorePlato s Meno As A Socratic Discussion On Human Sexuality And Age1686 Words   |  7 PagesPlato s Meno is a Socratic discussion on the definition of human virtues where the main participants are Socrates and Meno. Other speakers in the dialogue include an Athenian politician, one of Meno s slaves, and Socrates’ prosecutor Anytus, who is a friend to Meno. Meno wants to understand the broad definition of human virtues and while visiting Athens he initiates the dialogue on virtues with Socrates. The discussion begins with Meno inquiring from Socrates whether virtues can be learned. MenoRead MoreSocrates Vs. Plato : The Essential Themes Of The Meno1633 Words   |  7 Pagescontext that is crucial to understanding the essential themes of the Meno, largely because the dialogue sits nearly at the beginning of western philosophy. Socrates and Plato are working not so much in the context of previous philosophies as in the cont ext of the lack of them. Further, this is very probably one of Plato s earliest surviving dialogues, set in about 402 BCE (by extension, we might presume that it represents Socrates at a relatively early stage in his own thought). Nonetheless, in orderRead MorePlato s Meno And Nietzsche On Truth And Lie1720 Words   |  7 PagesIn Plato’s Meno and in Friedrich Nietzsche’s On Truth And Lie In An Extra-Moral Sense, both writers touch upon the theme of â€Å"truth† and â€Å"knowledge†. In Meno, Plato writes of a dialogue between his late mentor, Socrates and politician Meno. In the Meno dialogue, through a dialectical method, Socrates’s manages to prove to Meno he knows nothing of virtue while On Truth And Lie In An Extra-Moral Sense, Nietzsche analyzes how language isn’t â€Å"truth† and Knowledge is an invention as a means of survivalRead MoreSocrates and Virtue999 Words   |  4 PagesAt the beginning of Meno Socrates and Meno are discussing what they think the true definition of virtue is. They debate over this matter for quite some time and Meno continues to throw definitions, of what he thinks virtue is, at Socrates. It seems like every time Meno would come up with what he thought virtue was Socrates would shoot it down. Socrates would not come out and say this is not right, he would merely ask him a series of questions in order for Meno to realize it on his own. One afterRead MoreEssay on MENO: PLATO600 Words   |  3 PagesSocrates, can virtue be taught?1 The dialogue begins with Meno asking Socrates whether virtue can be taught. At the end of the Meno (86d-100b), Socrates attempts to answer the question. This question is prior to the division between opinion and knowledge and provides to unsettle both. Anytus participated in Socrates and Meno conversation about virtue. Socrates claims that if virtue is a kind of knowledge, then it can be learned. If it is something besides a kind of knowledge, it p erceptibly cannotRead MorePlato s Meno : True Opinion Vs.983 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s Meno: True Opinion vs Knowlege Socrates was one of the most influential and thought-provocative people in all of Ancient Greece; he was so monumental in his teachings that his theories and argumentative styles are still utilized today. One of Socrates’ most influential students was Plato, another ancient philosopher that followed Socrates through Greece and kept record of his arguments and teachings, who would go on to be some of the most significant philosophical academia to ever be publishedRead MoreSocrates791 Words   |  4 Pagescomedy, Clouds, Aristophanes portrays Socrates as a Sophist: a duplicitous charlatan eager to take peoples money for teaching them to flout the laws and defy moral norms. The conflation of Socrates with the Sophists is based on a superficial similarity between the interests of Socrates and the sophists concerning education and virtue, but which fails to distinguish between the moral relativism of the Sophists and the belief in absolute moral standards held by Socrates (and hi s puppet-master Plato).

America Underclass - 1228 Words

It is believed that there is a tension between social classes in America. Typically, people of lower classes choose to imitate those of higher social status. As a result, advertisers have a tendency to take advantage of this tension in order to profit from people of the lower and middle classes. In The American Upper Class, G. William Domhoff says that exhibiting high social statusÂ… is a way of exercising power (Domhoff p.34), which is something important to all social classes. According to Judi Puritz Cook, author of Consumer CultureÂ…Sales Discourse, advertisements in print as well as in visual media seem to create the promise of status mobility through consumption (Cook p.373). In the article, Puritz explains how television†¦show more content†¦A person living a middle class lifestyle would be attracted to the feelings presented by the advertiser. Mantsios supports this theory by saying, As curiosities, the ground-level view of street life and the inside look a t the rich and the famous serve as unique models, one to avoid and one to aspire to (Mantsios p.34). Mantsios explains that the lower and middle classes aim to bear a resemblance to the upper class. Domhoff also supports this theory when stating, In sociological terms, the upper class comes to serve as a ‘reference group (Domhoff p.165). Domhoff s statement leads you to believe that other classes do use the advertisements they see in upscale magazines such as Vogue and Elle as a model to imitate an upper class way of life because of its charm and status. Lastly, many magazines, such as Cosmopolitan and InStyle, appeal to a middle class audience rather than the higher classes. In many of these magazines there are articles dedicated to teaching the viewer how to display characteristics of social status for a portion of the price. In Cosmopolitan, an ad for Suave hair products shows two women with beautiful hair shopping at a boutique. The description reads, Suave gives you the same great look as the more expensive brands but at a fraction of the price. It is understandable that not everyone has the funds needed in order to go toShow MoreRelatedEffects of Communication Technology on American Society1757 Words   |  7 PagesAs a postmodern society, America faces many and new challenges every day. The unstoppable development of technology that has credited us as a powerful country seems to be impacting the American society in more than just a positive way. As our country evolve and develop new and more amazing technologies, the soci al interactions tend to decrease. The traditional interactions of people in the society have increasingly been affected by the new technologies to the point that what we used to consider normalRead MorePersuasion - Austen s Canonical Final Words1466 Words   |  6 Pagesthose closest to her, lost the bloom of youth and more importantly, the love of her life. Eight years had passed since she was persuaded by her narcissistic family to terminate her engagement to Frederick Wentworth, a gallant naval captain born of low social status and insufficient wealth. When they meet again, both have changed significantly. But amidst flirtatious distractions and unexpected misadventures, the pair cannot deny the conjoined heartache and love they felt exclusively for each other, despiteRead MoreOne Woman That Lead The Way For Injured Soldiers1708 Words   |  7 Pagesher happy in life, being too hard to fit in with her other classmates after having such a lonely childhood. The idea of being a pa in to the family was in Clara’s head and felt that the way to get her family s love was to do exceedingly well in her classes to find the thing that she felt was needed to be earned. She was incredibly proud of the positive attention that her achievement of an academic scholarship. This happiness for her accomplishment in the field of academics enriched her taste for masculineRead MoreEssay about On Suburvanization and the Invention of the City2981 Words   |  12 Pagesat their own convenience, and therefore the movement was enormous. This movement has had broad and long lasting effects on American lifestyles, where today, it is still popular to live in the suburbs and commute to the city for work. This wave has also had a big impact on the environment where there is more car pollution because of the amount of people driving. The other major effect it had was on land prices, as represented by von Thà ¼nen’s model, R=Y(p-c) – Yfm. Concentric circles visual ly representRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Roles2518 Words   |  11 Pagespreordained law to which everyone has to follow in order to be socially accepted as a normal human being. But over the years, gender has angered the modern generation into a new breed of social activist, that are fighting for the standing principle of equality regardless of sex. Brought by the lingering effects of gender role, and the inequality that accompanies it, gender has created a schism, not based on the scientific evidence of research, but rather a socially constructed notion of the genderRead MoreEssay about History: World War I and Bold Experiments7600 Words   |  31 PagesBold Experiments in an Era of ­Industrialization, ­1877–1929 This part covers the following chapters in Henretta et al., America’s History, Seventh Edition: Chapter ­17 ­ The Busy Hive: Industrial America at Work, 1877–1911 Chapter 18 The Victorians Meet the Modern, 1880–1917 Chapter 19 â€Å"Civilization’s Inferno†: The Rise and Reform of Industrial Cities, 1880 –1917 Chapter 20 Whose Government? Politics, Populists, and Progressives, 1880 –1917 Chapter 21 An Emerging World Power, 1877–1918 Chapter 22 WrestlingRead MoreConsumerism As An Engine Of Change3258 Words   |  14 Pagesterm implications. John Lucaks starts his book, A Short History of the Twentieth Century, by writing that the twentieth century was the American century (3). Gary Cross starts his book, An All-Consuming Century: Why Commercialism Won in Modern America, by saying that the twentieth century was not the American century but a century that belonged to the ideology of consumerism (1). Regardless of what characteristic or nation defined the twentieth century, the United States emerged from this centuryRead MoreFrom Salvation to Self-Realization18515 Words   |  75 Pagesepitomized a consumption-oriented society dominated by bureaucratic corporations. 1 2It is easy to exaggerate the suddenness or completeness of this transformation. Early on it occurred primarily within the official norms and expectations of the dominant social groups-and even there it was halting and only half conscious. Further, a producer orientation survived in the consumer culture, though it was cast in a secular mold. By the 1920s, among the American bourgeoisie, the newly dominant consumer cultureRead MoreThe Impact of Sports on American Society Essay3785 Words   |  16 Pagesto many people and laws. Athletes and sports have had their share of effect on society as well.   Almost three fourths of society has played or watched some kind of sporting event.   Where would society be today without sports? No one will ever know, but sports and athletes have affected society in many aspects all over the nation.   Sports have brought people in the American society closer together.   Some states in America rely on sports to help out with their economy, but sports have also createdRead MoreDoes Tv Have a Negative Influence on Society7652 Words   |  31 PagesDOES TV HAVE A NEGATÄ °VE Ä °NFLUENCE ON SOCÄ °ETY The negative effects of television are huge. To minimize the potential negative effects of television, its important to understand what the impact of television can be on children. Violence Over the past two decades, hundreds of studies have examined how violent programming on TV affects children and young people. While a direct cause and effect link is difficult to establish, there is a growing consensus that some children may be vulnerable to violent

Sponsor Hospitality The Implications For Tourism

Question: Describe about the Sponsor Hospitality At The Olympic Games for An Analysis Of The Implications For Tourism? Answer: Promotional Plan: Considering the view of Cooper (2011), a promotional plan is measured as an effective planning tool by the most business managers while successfully launching a new product or service into the new market place. It is a strategy used by the company to promote new product or services. The different types of promotional activities: The different types of promotional activities include Advertising, Publicity, Sales Promotion, Trade Promotion, Free gift, and Campaigns etc. Promotional strategies of Collette travel: Advertising through digital media can be one of the best promotional strategies for Collette travel. The travel company would use banner space on the major search engines like Google. The catchy and attractive banner space would help to attract the people. Davis (2013) recognized that the Pay per Click method used by the banner space makes the economical cost also. The proper use of blogs creates a community to link the people indirectly in the promotion activity. The peoples across the globe would get updated messages and information from the company. The PR (PUBLIC RELTIONSHIP) expert of the Collette delivers the content of the website so lucrative so that, it can attain the customer attraction. Hence, it helps to enhance the brand exposure. Price Strategy: In the opinion of Middleton (2009), pricing strategy is an optimum price of the product and service that satisfies the market conditions, customer demand, competitors action and economic trend of the company. The role of the price in the marketing mix: Price helps to generate sales revenue of the company. Price is determined as per the customers perceive nature. Importance of price in the marketing mix: After researching on consumer Svensson et al. (2009) revealed that price is important as it indicates the customers purchasing behaviour and the payment nature after judging the product as per the requirement. Pricing Strategy for Collette travel: Collette follows a divisional pricing strategy based on the different currency conversion of the different country. The UK based company uses this effective strategy as per the conversion of pound in order to change the different currency conversion (Hacking and Campany, 2012). This kind of diverse process attracts the different group of customers from different corner of the globe. Example of pricing strategy and its importance in Collette travel: As for example supported by Davis (2013), the difference between Indian currency and the UK currency is huge so the company, Collette minimizes its rate for Indian customers while calculating the rupees into pound. This process helps Collette to grab the Indian customers. Thus, the effective pricing strategy helps to attract the customer base. SWOT Analysis and its importance: The SWOT analysis is helpful in determining the strength, opportunities, weakness and threats of a business. In the words of Xiao and Smith (2006), SWOT analysis could identify the demand of the cross cultural mass and its impact on the tourism services provided by the firm. It has been identified that with the change of geographical regions, the cultural diversity fluctuates. This, in turn, significantly impacts on the customer readiness to accept a specific service offered by the tourism organisations. This scenario becomes more crucial in the international tourism planning, as several threats such as tourism planning, hospitality degree and pricing strategy inequality might arrive by the end of the host country market leaders (Dwyer et al. 2006). Hence, overcoming threats and utilising opportunity could become feasible by employing the SWOT model. Furthermore, the critical challenge can be met at the international platform. SWOT analysis could guide the tourism firm streamlining i ts operations so that customer loyalty can be managed in both national and international platforms (Snyder, 2007). Based on the SWOT analysis, the firm can understand its current opportunities and threats in the host country it is opting for. SWOT Analysis of Collette: Strength: The effective diverse pricing strategy to attract a big customer segment is the strength of the company. Weakness: The monotonous customer service is the prime weakness of the Collette. Opportunities: To organize more events for entertaining the potential existing customer segment is the best opportunities of the company. Threats: The rival group of Collette attracts the customer group by offering more discounts and good services. So it increases the tendency of the existing customer of the company to move with other tourism company rather than Collette. Boston matrix and its usability: Boston Matrix is considered as the informal marketing tool used for analysing product portfolio across the international business environment. The degree of market share and market growth also help the marketers identifying which product category could be best used for maximising the profitability of the firm (Dodd et al. 2006). According to this matrix, market share and growth can be analysed using four categories dogs, cash cows, question marks and stars. Star represents the perfect combination of a firm that is a high market share in a higher growing industry. On the other hand, dogs represent a low market share in a low market growth problem. Cash cows enjoy a high market share in a low growing market. Applicability of BCG matrix on Collette: The Collette Worldwide provides special offers to its tourists by creating diversified tour guidance in all geographical locations. It is offering Continental tourism guides and the most attractive part is Antarctica adventure, which could catch millions of eyes of the customers (www.gocollette.com, 2016). Starting from the initial the firm has been successfully serving the global clients by creating marginal profit, in order to make the tourists satisfied enough with their services. Hence, this segment could become Star portfolio to the firm Collette. On the other hand, Collette offers special pricing discounts such as saving up to $300 in the continental tour package, $1000 savings on the European tour packages, etc. (www.gocollette.com, 2016). Additionally, Collette offers customised pricing strategy depending on the tour requirement of the global tourists. This segment could be promoted as Cash Cow, as a lower pricing strategy could generate higher profit margins in all types of economic zones, without investing more on the strategic operations. On the contrary, the Nature Wonder Tourism Planner of Collette can be considered as Dogs, as it is a common feature that the tourists come across varied regions to enjoy the natural wildness and its beauty. Hence, nothing has been found has been found different and innovation in this segment (Cuccia and Cellini, 2007). Thus, this segment could provide low growth in low market share. Finally, the degree of accommodation, international food offerings, music, entertainments, etc. have been found the initial offerings of Collette and till now it is providing adequate profit margins in the global operations as well. Thus, the positioning of this segment can be treated as Question in the BCG matrix. Diversification: Product diversification helps business entities in creating higher business opportunities through the additional market potential of its existing product (Schmidgall et al. 2007). Diversified tourism packages, segregation on the adventure tourism, thrilling tour experience, from Collette can be termed as the diversified tour package offerings. This could help travel and tourism firms generating higher brand exposure in the global market. Product life cycle: The product life cycle is termed as a process, through which each product undergoes a cyclic phase starting from introduction, continuing with growth, maturity and finally the decline stage (Schildt and Mattsson, 2006). It has been observed that the maturity stage of the cycle, each product reaches the peak of the growth, which is immediately followed by the declination stage (Rogerson and Rogerson, 2011). Product life cycle of Collette: At the initial business stage, Collette started business with the music events, customised accommodation and international food offerings along with the nature wonder tourism packages. Within a frequent time span, the firm has achieved its growth stage and even reached the maturity stage also (Brown, 2007). While existing in the maturity stage, the firm Collette has experienced a significant decline in its existing service offerings, due to the introduction of diversified tourism planning and guide along with the customised pricing to its global customers. Those services are now leading the maturity position in the product life cycle stage. Ansoffs Matrix: Ansoff matrix is a strategic planning tool, which helps the firm managing diversified strategies for the future growth (Kotler et al. 2010). The market development, market penetration, diversification and product development are the elements Ansoff Matrix. Thus, the Ansoff matrix could help Collette in managing the diversification of tourism packages to maintain its future sustainability. Link between Ansoff Matrix and Boston Matrix: Both these matrices have focused in diversification, which depicts that the product is not in the firms portfolio and the market is completely different to the firm. However, another similarity is that both the metrics indicate product development as a question mark and market penetration can be made successful by repositioning the product, which is termed as cash cows or dogs. Final similarity is that both consider market development could be made due to the different market preferences. Conclusion: In the present study, BCG matrix and product life cycle have been analysed. It has been identified that the customised pricing services are flourishing now a days. It has managed to attain the maximum customer attention from varied regions. Thus, evaluating the study, it could be inferred that the tourism industry has been fluctuating with huge margin. Hence, to maintain a sustainable momentum, within the region, the enterprise requires strategising effect on the marketing policy. References: Brown, G. (2007) Sponsor Hospitality At The Olympic Games: An Analysis Of The Implications For Tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9, pp. 315327 Cooper, C. (2011)Essentials of tourism. Harlow, England: Pearson Financial Times/Prentice Hall Cuccia, T. and Cellini, R., (2007) Is Cultural Heritage Really Important for Tourists? A Contingent Rating Study, Applied Economics, 39, pp. 261-271 Davis, A. (2013)Promotional cultures: The rise and spread of advertising, public relations, marketing and branding. Oxford: Polity Press. Dodd, T., Yuan, J., Adams, C. and Kolyesnikova, N. (2006) Motivations of young people for visiting wine festivals, Event Management, 10 (1), pp. 23-33 Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., and Spurr, R. (2006) Assessing the economic impacts of events: A computable general equilibrium approach, Journal of Travel Research, 45 (1), pp. 59-66 Gocollette.com, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.gocollette.com/ [Accessed 19 Feb. 2016]. Hacking, J. and Campany, D. (2012)Photography: The whole story. London: Thames Hudson. Kotler, P. Bowen, J. T. and Makens, J. C. (2010) 5th Ed Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism Pearson Middleton, V, T, C. Fyall, A. and Morgan, M. with Ranchhod, A. (2009) 4th Ed Marketing in Travel and Tourism Elsevier Ltd Rogerson, C.M. and Rogerson, J.M. (2011) Tourism research within the Southern African Development Community: Production and consumption in academic journals, 20002010. Tourism Review International, 15, pp. 213-224. Schildt, H.A. and Mattsson, J.T. (2006) A dense network sub-grouping algorithm for co-citation analysis and its implementation in the software tool sit kis, Scientometrics, 67(1), pp. 143163 Schmidgall, R., Woods, R.H. and Hardigree, C. (2007) Hospitalitys most influential scholars: Fifteen years of citation analyses (19892004), Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Education, 19(2), pp. 3243 Snyder, J. (2007). Tourism in the Polar regions. Paris, France: UNEP DTIE. Svensson, G., Svaeri, S. and Einarsen, K. (2009) Scientific identity of scholarly journals in hospitality and tourism research: Review and evaluation. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, pp. 631-634 Xiao, H. and Smith, S. L. J. (2006) The making of tourism research. Insights from a Social Sciences Journal on Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), pp. 490-507.

The Execution of Maximilian and The Execution of Christ Essay Example For Students

The Execution of Maximilian and The Execution of Christ Essay In this essay, the painting-The Execution of Maximilian I and the sculptural installation-The Execution of Christ have been selected to demonstrate how two artworks in different periods can have many similarities yet still hold true to their own beliefs, their relationship with the subject and his or their intended viewing audience to create a definitive style. A French impressionism artist, Edouard Manet’s painting, The Execution of Maximilian I (fig. 1),1868–69, oil on canvas, 99 3/16 x 118 7/8 (252 x 302 cm), Kunsthalle, Mannheim1 and Beijing-based artists, the Gao Brothers’ sculptural installation, The Execution of Christ (fig. ), 2009, bronze, life size, have been selected to represent the historical and contemporary works respectively. We will write a custom essay on The Execution of Maximilian and The Execution of Christ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In The Execution of Maximilian I, Manet depicts a contemporary event of political significance the fatal moment when the idealistic but naive archduke of Austria, Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, was executed alongside two of his generals by Benito Juarez’s Mexican forces in 1867. Clearly, he draws on the model of Goya’s earlier painting, The Third of May (fig. 4), 1808 in which2 the massacre of Spanish nationalists by invading French under the orders of Napoleon I. Hundred years later, the Gao Brothers appropriated from Edouard Manet’s The Execution of Maximilian and created The Execution of Christ (fig. 3). Both works show the executioners at right, the executed at left. But how the scenes are depicted, the tone and mood set by Manet and the Gao Brothers, are distinctly different. The reasons why both artists create the artworks: Before comparing the visual compositions of two artworks,I am going to discuss what causes them to create such works. Firstly, though not generally a politically motivated painter, Manet paint was inspired to make a statement about Maximilian’s execution. As a republican, he disapproved of Napoleon IIIs actions including the controversial French intervention in Mexico3. 4Maximilian, a member of the Hapsburg family of Austria, had been installed in power in Mexico by Napoleon III of France as a ‘puppet emperor’5 with aim of forcing Mexico to pay its foreign debts and establish a European presence there. 6 However, it became a failure miserably, ending with the execution of Maximilian and two of his generals by firing squad on June 19, 1867. It seems Manet was irritated and started work on the depiction of Maximilians execution soon after the first reports of it had reached Paris at the beginning of July 1867. Correspondingly, impact from their horrible family’s 7experience during China’s 1966-1967 Cultural Revolution8 and grievance towards Mao Zedong and the Chinese government, the Gao Brothers create works, notably The Execution of Christ, which ‘ranges from the political and satirical to questions of material and spiritual spaces, and takes a humanitarian stance that questions the role government and the individual play within contemporary Chinese society since 1985. ’ Thus, it can be seen that both of them are critical of the dark reign of the role governments and express their disdain for brutality of significant political incident or war through visual methods ironically, even though they are of different origin and in different period. Similarities and differences in visual compositions and tone: Since the composition of The Execution of Christ is a direct echo of The Execution of Maximilian as noted above, both depicts the firing squad and the condemned men. In The Execution of Maximilian I, there are 3 victims, who are the Emperor Maximilian (fig. ) in the center and his two Mexican ally-generals, Mejia on his right and Miramon on his left facing 7 firing squad, and the former – in a show of dignity and loyalty – movingly clasps his hand in their final moment. Also, to a certain extent, the way Manet has set the scene seems oddly detached from the dreadful violence it implies. This is most obvious in the figure of the sarge on the right, who glances away indifferently and checks his musket while the shots are fired, and the line of rather apathetic spectators (fig. ) and greenery make up a fairly narrow slice of background, separated from the foreground by the high, cool-colored gray wall. To a certain purpose, the wall behind the execution is a bit like the scene of a bullfighting stadium10, suggesting Maximilian and the generals associated with another kind of ritual death. The implication is that Maximilian’s dea th, like his emperorship, was merely a spectacle. Figure 5 Maximilian and his generals, Mejia on his right and Miramon on his left Figure 6 The spectators peers the execution over a high, cool-colored gray wall In other hand, in The Execution of Christ, a portrayal of Jesus replaces the figure of the emperor and it is the only victim placed in the scene. Also, the firing squad are re-made as 7 life size identical Chairman Maos. Meanwhile, the Gao Brothers retains the special setting from Manet’s painting- one of the firing squad stands on the far right checking his rifle, but without spectators over the wall. Instead, we,the appreciators are the spectators to look through the scene, the installation 11. .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .postImageUrl , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:hover , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:visited , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:active { border:0!important; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:active , .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7 .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua692fc4130f88cb7ffc2f578fb49c3d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparing "Arts of the Contact Zone" EssayEvidently, to a great extent, the above differences between Manet’s Execution and the Gao Brothers’ Execution lies on a simple change of medium, a painting to a piece of sculpture. Having said that, both works depict an similar execution scene, based on their own imagination, the tone of them are slightly different. Despite their aesthetic claims to objectivity, while Gao Brother’s work includes absolute heroes and villains, the tone of Manet’s work remains coolly ambiguous and implicitly critical of Napoleon III. The painting functions almost like reportage as Manet seems to resist taking a definitive stance on the controversial events surrounding Maximilian’s execution. Scholar, Bataille saw it was out of the sentiments,notably the indignation that Manet,a republican artist felt towards his emperor’s colonial machinations12. Scholar, George Hamilton also saw ‘nothing whatever’ to stir ‘our sympathies’13. Unlike Manet’s work, Gao Brother’s work functions as an ‘allegory of human emotions14’. Additionally, The Execution of Christ is more dramatic. Knowing the nature or story of Jesus Christ and Chairman Mao, we, viewers may find interesting in what the Gao brothers convey in their work, s a conflict of God verses a ‘pseudo-God’,a space between life and death, the secular and the religious, but also between presence and absence. What’s more, Manet’s work, it looks like a depiction of the instant of execution at first. Yet only General Mejia, to Maximilians right, seems to have been hit with his head bent backward since across his body, the smoke of the muskets is compacted in an ugly, dark grey to convey the thud of the bullets. Maximilian himself still alive, while the other general, Miramon, remains alert and was about to be the next executed . 15Beside him, the smoke drifts, dispersing in time, transparent in places to the wall behind. Manet shifts temporal as well as spatial relationships, showing us not only the instantaneous moment, but also the moment extended in slow motion, which is quite dynamic. Just the reverse, in Gao Brother’s work, the victim, Jesus hasn’t been executed yet. Whether Jesus will be executed depends on the far right Chairman Mao (fig. 7). As the firing squad pointing their rifles towards Jesus maybe deemed as deterrence to Jesus and Jesus peers down the barrels of eight rifles, it implies that death is present as a kind of sill and crux in which there is a potential for transition, rather than a end violence. Besides, the victims in both works look fearless. In The Execution of Maximilian, although Maximilian and two of his generals are clearly identifiable, comparing to the firing squad, their facial expressions appear vague and hazy. Yet, from their body languages, they seemed fearless facing towards death. Particularly, Maximilian stands slightly frontward his generals as if he is protecting them and his hat cocks upward to frame his head almost like ‘a martyr’s halo16’. Likewise, in The Execution of Christ, the protrusion of the disconcerting pain and sorrowful sadness arises through details of the scars and wrinkles on the face of Jesus (fig. 8). He is petite and barely clothed, stands with his eyes closed and his palms are facing out to expose stigmata wounds (fig. 9) on his hands as if he is explicitly dauntless and ready to be executed â€Å"again†. In addition, both of them are bare-handed, which bring out an image of innocent and defenceless. Apart from that, the Gao Brothers highlighted the proportion of the figures, which Manet did not. In The Execution of Maximilian, all objects are in same size and eye-level. Contrarily, in The Execution of Christ, the figure of Jesus is slightly smaller than those of the Chairman Maos and projects a visual distortion relative to the power relationships suggested in the formation. It also implies that despite Jesus Christ and Chairman Mao are perceived as sacred and grand icons, it is emphasised Chairman Mao is nobler and more powerful and the drama of overwhelming forces and threats imposed upon the victim. Appreciators experience feelings of panic and shock as they place themselves beside Christ and witness a massive crowd aiming rifles at the viewer at eye-level. Similarities and differences in connotations: Both artists achieved dark humour through utilisation of visual political puns by dressing the soldiers. In The Execution of Maximilian, Manet was inspired by Goya, giving a suggestion to implicate France as the executor. With his reference from a report and photographs in Le Figaro, he set the soldiers uniform to resemble the French uniform and the bullet-riddled clothes that Maximilian had worn. In sheer provocation, he also painted the facial features of the sergeant (fig. 10) holding his musket to resemble those of Napoleon III. On the other hand, in The Execution of Christ, the Gao brothers replaced the soldiers by identical Chairman Maos and implicated the soldiers as identical robots, which were incapable of independent thought and mindlessly following commands, in jest a reflection of the Red Guards17 during the Cultural Revolution. .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .postImageUrl , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:hover , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:visited , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:active { border:0!important; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:active , .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d6f1d467b09fd6ae70717bb695a57fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Charmion von Wiegand on Mondrian"s New York studio EssayFurthermore, he dressed the Mao soldiers in waggish civilian attire with their belt and pants worn high to mid-chest. Although the Gao Brothers’ cynical humor is portrayed, they accurately show how the real Mao looked during his reign. Interestingly, it seems the awful and violent nature of the firing squad is moderated by the Mao soldiers’ waggish civilian attire as well. In actual fact, based on his self-assuredness and authoritative character, Mao Zedong believed he was the only legitimate leader in China and no one should dare to oppose him. He insisted that the citizens did not have a need for religion and suppressed any public religious practices as well. Suppression of religion was part of the country’s unification plan and one’s need for religious focus was fulfilled with the image of Mao. Therefore, the images of Chairman Mao alluded to not only individually Mao Zedong, but also the cruelty of the Chinese communist government. Similarly, the image of Jesus Christ emphasized and symbolized the martyrdom of the innocent in Cultural Revolution, but not only the particular religion-Christian. By recreating the scene of the crime through The Execution of Christ, the Gao Brothers focused on Mao’s nature-‘malicious cruelty’18 and murder of the innocents in their sculpture, The Execution of Christ and wants to bring Mao back from history into the view of the public for what he really was because some wrongdoings of the Chinese government in the past are still censored. Most important thing is that the Chinese citizens deny those wrongdoings and dont even know the sheer of the history and keep holding on to the Mao’s reign. In addition, compare to Manet’s Execution, The Execution of Christ has the ability to connect with audiences outside their culture in their origin, due to the fact that the Gao Brothers interpreted human emotions through portrayals of expressive facial and body language, a universal language that surpasses all cultural barriers. Regardless of whether an observer had a knowledgeable background in religion or art history, the Gao Brothers provided enough evidence for any observer to postulate the narrative or allegory portrayed in The Execution of Christ. Conclusion To conclude, The Execution of Maximilian and The Execution of Christ both depicts the firing squad and the condemned men and have similar visual compositions based on the fact that they are inspired to one another. Also, they both created their works historically and politically provocative ,even though they did not know for certain what, precisely, happened at that time. Due to their own experiences and thoughts, their works appear a different tone and connotation. To a great extent, they look very contemporary is not only the obvious simultaneous with our turbulence society-the malicious consequences of a regime change and military intervention, exacerbated by ignorance of the government. Bibliography: Books Angremy, B. 2006, Photography as an Allegory of Human Emotion, Le Passage du Temps, Galerie Guislain Etat d’Art, Paris, p.130 Bataille, G.1955, Manet., Skira Inc., New York, p.51-53 Hanson, A.C. ,1977, Manet and the modern tradition, Yale University Press, Ltd., London, p. 52,110-114 Hamiliton, G.H. , 1966, Is Manet still Modern?, Art News Annual, p. 111 Hamiliton, G.H. , 1969, Manet and his critics , W.W. Norton Company, Inc. New York, p.81-85 Reff, T., 1982, Manet and modern Paris:, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London W.F. Wong, 2009, New Horizon History: Theme A Modernisation and transformation in Twentieth-Century Asia, Hong Kong Educational Publishing Co., p.233,236 Newspaper Articles Online (Anon), 2013. Brothers in Arts,Guernica . 15 November . https://www.guernicamag.com/art/brothers-in-arts/ (Anon.), (n.d.), Conflict and residence: The Execution of Emperor Maximilian. Annenberg Learner . . Available from: http://www.learner.org/courses/globalart/work/44/index.html (Anon.), (n.d.), In the line of fire: Manets The Execution of Maximilian’ . National Gallery , pp. 3. . Available from: http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/learn-about-art/paintings-in-depth/in-the-line-of-fire/*/viewPage/3 (Anon.), (n.d.), The Execution of Maximilian, Literal Magazine. . Available from:http://www.literalmagazine.com/english_post/the-execution-of-maximilian/ Elderfield, J. , 2007. Soldiers of misfortune. theguardian News . 6 January . Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2007/jan/06/art.art Gietmann, Gerhard. 1911, †Nimbus. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New Advert, . Available from: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11080b.htm Exhibition Catalogues Kejun, Xia. 2010, Losing Mao: The Gao Brothers? Miss Mao Works.The Gao Brothers Grandeur Catharsis. , Kansas City. Field,J, Elderfield, J., Bodinson, S. , 2006, Manet and the Execution of Maximilian, MoMA, . Available from: http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2006/Manet/ Sound recording Kemper Art Webcast. 2010. Gao Brothers: Grandeur and Catharsis Part 1. Interviewed by Arthur Hwang. Kansas City, Mo. Online Podcast. 3 min. Available from: http://kcur.org/post/interview-artists-gao-brothers-part-1 Kemper Art Webcast. 2010. Gao Brothers: Grandeur and Catharsis Part 2. Interviewed by Arthur Hwang. Kansas City, Mo. Online Podcast. 6 min. Available from: http://kcur.org/post/interview-artists-gao-brothers-part-2 Website Gao Brothers. Gao Brothers, n.d. ,n.p., Biography and news . , Available from: http://www.gaobrothers.net Image Figure 1, 5 , 6 and 10: Lessing, E., (n.d.), The Execution of Maximilian . . Available from: http://www.learner.org/courses/globalart/work/44/zoom.html Figure 2, 3, 8 and 9: Showstudio, 2012, The Execution of Christ , published in Huffingtonpost. . Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/31/the-gao-brothers-the-exec_n_1720743.html Figure 4: Museo Nacional del Prado,(n.d.), Galerà ­a online, . Available from: https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/galeria-on-line/galeria-on-line/zoom/1/obra/el-3-de-mayo-de-1808-en-madrid-los-fusilamientos-en-la-montana-del-principe-pio/oimg/0/ Figure 7: The Execution of Christ ,(Anon.), (n.d.), published in Ozartsetc News. . Available from: http://www.en.ozartsetc.com/2012/07/10/gao-brothers/